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هو العلم الذي يدرس المورثات (الجينات) والوراثة وما ينتج عنه من تنوع الكائنات الحية وكانت مبادئ توريث الصفات مستخدمة منذ تاريخ بعيد لتحسين المحصول الزراعي وتحسين النسل الحيواني عن طريق تزويج حيوانات من سلالة ذات صفات جيدة – كمثال عن ذلك الحصان العربي الأصيل حيث كان العرب يزاوجون الحصان والفرس الأقوياء ليحصلوا على نسل قوي واستمروا بذلك عبر السنين -.

ولكن علم الوراثة الحديث الذي حاول فهم آلية توريث الصفات ابتدأ بالعالم غريغور مندل Gregor Mendel في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، حيث قام مندل بمراقبة الصفات الموروثة للكائنات الحية وكيفية انتقالها من الآباء إلى الأبناء، ولكنه لم يكتشف آلية هذا الانتقال التي تتم عن طريق وحدات مميزة في توريث الصفات وهي المورثات (الجينات) Genes، وهي تمثل مناطق معينة من شريط الـDNA، هذا الشريط هو عبارة عن تتالي وحدات جزيئية تدعي النيكليوتيدات Nucleotides، ترتيب وتسلسل هذه النيكليوتيدات يمثل المعلومات الوراثية لصفات الكائن الحي.

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لاحظ مندل أن الكائنات الحية ترث الصفات بطريقة مميزة (قابلة للعد) “وحدات الوراثة “. هذا المصطلح والذي لا يزال مستخدما حتى وقتنا الحاضر يُعد تعريفا مبهما نوعا ما للجينات (المورثات). التعريف العملي الأكثر حداثة للجينات هي أنها الجزء (أو التسلسل) من الحمض النووي الذي يرمز لوظيفة خلوية معينة معروفة. هذا الجزء من الحمض النووي هو متغير أي أنه يمكن أن يكون صغيرا أو كبيراً، وقد يحتوي على القليل أو الكثير من الأقسام الفرعية. كلمة (مورث) “جين” تشير إلى الأجزاء من الحمض النووي المطلوبة من أجل عملية خلوية واحدة أو وظيفة واحدة، أكثر من كونها تشير إلى عنصر مادي واحد. المصطلح الذي يستخدم غالبا (ولكن ليس دائما صحيحا) هو “جين واحد، بروتين واحد” ويعني أن كل جين معين يرمز إلى نوع معين من البروتين في الخلية. تشبيه اخر هو أن الجينات هي مثل “الجمل” والنيوكليوتيدات مثل “الأحرف”. يمكن وضع سلسلة من النيوكليوتيدات معا دون أن تشكل جينا (المنطقة الغير رمزية في الحمض النووي)، تماما كوضع مجموعة من الأحرف بشكل عشوائي دون أن تشكل جملة مفيدة، ومع ذلك فجميع الجمل يجب ان تحتوي على حروف، كما يجب أن تحتوي جميع الجينات على نيوكليوتيدات.

This is an example post, originally published as part of Blogging University. Enroll in one of our ten programs, and start your blog right.

You’re going to publish a post today. Don’t worry about how your blog looks. Don’t worry if you haven’t given it a name yet, or you’re feeling overwhelmed. Just click the “New Post” button, and tell us why you’re here.

Why do this?

• Because it gives new readers context. What are you about? Why should they read your blog?
• Because it will help you focus your own ideas about your blog and what you’d like to do with it.

The post can be short or long, a personal intro to your life or a bloggy mission statement, a manifesto for the future or a simple outline of your the types of things you hope to publish.

To help you get started, here are a few questions:

• Why are you blogging publicly, rather than keeping a personal journal?
• What topics do you think you’ll write about?
• Who would you love to connect with via your blog?
• If you blog successfully throughout the next year, what would you hope to have accomplished?

You’re not locked into any of this; one of the wonderful things about blogs is how they constantly evolve as we learn, grow, and interact with one another — but it’s good to know where and why you started, and articulating your goals may just give you a few other post ideas.

Can’t think how to get started? Just write the first thing that pops into your head. Anne Lamott, author of a book on writing we love, says that you need to give yourself permission to write a “crappy first draft”. Anne makes a great point — just start writing, and worry about editing it later.

When you’re ready to publish, give your post three to five tags that describe your blog’s focus — writing, photography, fiction, parenting, food, cars, movies, sports, whatever. These tags will help others who care about your topics find you in the Reader. Make sure one of the tags is “zerotohero,” so other new bloggers can find you, too.

This is an example post, originally published as part of Blogging University. Enroll in one of our ten programs, and start your blog right.

You’re going to publish a post today. Don’t worry about how your blog looks. Don’t worry if you haven’t given it a name yet, or you’re feeling overwhelmed. Just click the “New Post” button, and tell us why you’re here.

Why do this?

• Because it gives new readers context. What are you about? Why should they read your blog?
• Because it will help you focus your own ideas about your blog and what you’d like to do with it.

The post can be short or long, a personal intro to your life or a bloggy mission statement, a manifesto for the future or a simple outline of your the types of things you hope to publish.

To help you get started, here are a few questions:

• Why are you blogging publicly, rather than keeping a personal journal?
• What topics do you think you’ll write about?
• Who would you love to connect with via your blog?
• If you blog successfully throughout the next year, what would you hope to have accomplished?

You’re not locked into any of this; one of the wonderful things about blogs is how they constantly evolve as we learn, grow, and interact with one another — but it’s good to know where and why you started, and articulating your goals may just give you a few other post ideas.

Can’t think how to get started? Just write the first thing that pops into your head. Anne Lamott, author of a book on writing we love, says that you need to give yourself permission to write a “crappy first draft”. Anne makes a great point — just start writing, and worry about editing it later.

When you’re ready to publish, give your post three to five tags that describe your blog’s focus — writing, photography, fiction, parenting, food, cars, movies, sports, whatever. These tags will help others who care about your topics find you in the Reader. Make sure one of the tags is “zerotohero,” so other new bloggers can find you, too.

This is an example post, originally published as part of Blogging University. Enroll in one of our ten programs, and start your blog right.

You’re going to publish a post today. Don’t worry about how your blog looks. Don’t worry if you haven’t given it a name yet, or you’re feeling overwhelmed. Just click the “New Post” button, and tell us why you’re here.

Why do this?

• Because it gives new readers context. What are you about? Why should they read your blog?
• Because it will help you focus your own ideas about your blog and what you’d like to do with it.

The post can be short or long, a personal intro to your life or a bloggy mission statement, a manifesto for the future or a simple outline of your the types of things you hope to publish.

To help you get started, here are a few questions:

• Why are you blogging publicly, rather than keeping a personal journal?
• What topics do you think you’ll write about?
• Who would you love to connect with via your blog?
• If you blog successfully throughout the next year, what would you hope to have accomplished?

You’re not locked into any of this; one of the wonderful things about blogs is how they constantly evolve as we learn, grow, and interact with one another — but it’s good to know where and why you started, and articulating your goals may just give you a few other post ideas.

Can’t think how to get started? Just write the first thing that pops into your head. Anne Lamott, author of a book on writing we love, says that you need to give yourself permission to write a “crappy first draft”. Anne makes a great point — just start writing, and worry about editing it later.

When you’re ready to publish, give your post three to five tags that describe your blog’s focus — writing, photography, fiction, parenting, food, cars, movies, sports, whatever. These tags will help others who care about your topics find you in the Reader. Make sure one of the tags is “zerotohero,” so other new bloggers can find you, too.